Mehato le liparamente tsa ts'ebetso ea Cadmium

I. Tlhokomelo ea Pele ea Lisebelisoa tse Tala le Tlhoekiso ea Pele

1. ‌Tokisetso ea Phepo ea Cadmium e Hloekileng Haholo‌

• ‌Ho Hlatsoa ka Asiti‌: Tšela di-ingot tsa cadmium tsa maemo a indasteri ka hara tharollo ya 5%-10% ya nitric acid ho 40-60°C ka dihora tse 1-2 ho tlosa di-oxide tse ka hodima metsi le ditshila tsa tshepe. Hlatswa ka metsi a hlwekileng ho fihlela pH e sa nke lehlakore mme o omelle ka vacuum.
• ‌Ho ntša metsi ka metsi‌: Tšoara litšila tse nang le cadmium (mohlala, slag ea koporo-cadmium) ka sulfuric acid (matla a 15-20%) mochesong oa 80-90°C ka lihora tse 4-6, u fihlelle katleho ea ho ntša cadmium ka ≥95%. Sefa 'me u kenye phofo ea zinki (karolelano ea stoichiometric ea makhetlo a 1.2-1.5) bakeng sa ho falla ho fumana cadmium ea seponche.

1. ‌Ho qhibiliha le ho lahla‌

• Kenya cadmium ea seponche ka har'a li-crucible tsa graphite tse hloekileng haholo, qhibilihisa tlas'a sepakapaka sa argon ho 320-350°C, 'me u tšele ka har'a liforomo tsa graphite bakeng sa ho pholisa butle. Etsa li-ingots tse nang le boima ba ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Ho Hloekisa Libaka

1. ‌Lisebelisoa le Liparamente‌

• Sebelisa liforo tse qhibilihisang tse rapameng tse nang le bophara ba sebaka se qhibilihisitsoeng sa 5-8 mm, lebelo la ho tsamaea la 3-5 mm/h, le liphaseje tse 8-12 tsa ho hloekisa. Phapang ea mocheso: 50-80°C/cm; vacuum ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ‌Karohano ea Litšila‌: Libaka tse phetoang li feta ka lead e tiileng, zinki, le litšila tse ling mohatleng oa ingot. Tlosa karolo ea ho qetela e ruileng ka litšila ea 15-20%, u fihlelle bohloeki bo mahareng ≥99.999%

1. ‌Litaolo tsa Bohlokoa‌

• Mocheso oa sebaka se qhibilihisitsoeng: 400-450°C (kaholimo hanyane ho ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ha cadmium ea 321°C);
• Sekhahla sa ho phodisa: 0.5-1.5°C/min ho fokotsa diphoso tsa lerako;
• Sekhahla sa phallo ea Argon: 10-15 L/min ho thibela oxidation

III. Ho Hloekisa ka Elektroletiki

1. ‌Sebopeho sa Electrolyte‌

• Sebopeho sa electrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) le sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), ka gelatin ea 0.01-0.05 g/L e ekelitsoeng ho eketsa bongata ba cathode deposit

1. ‌Liparamente tsa Ts'ebetso‌

• Anode: Poleiti ea cadmium e sa hloekang; Cathode: Poleiti ea Titanium;
• Sekhahla sa hona joale: 80-120 A/m²; Motlakase oa sele: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Mocheso oa electrolysis: 30-40°C; Nako: lihora tse 48-72; Bohloeki ba Cathode ≥99.99%

IV. Ho Fokotsa ho Hlatsoa ha Vacuum

1. ‌Phokotso le Karohano ea Mocheso o Phahameng‌

• Beha di-ingot tsa cadmium ka ontong ya vacuum (kgatello ya ≤10⁻² Pa), kenya haeterojene e le ntho e fokotsang mocheso, mme o e futhumatse ho 800-1000°C ho fokotsa di-oxide tsa cadmium ho ba cadmium e nang le kgase. Mocheso wa condenser: 200-250°C; Bohloeki ba ho qetela ≥99.9995%

1. ‌Sebetsa sa ho Tlosa Litšila‌

• Masala a loto, koporo, le litšila tse ling tsa tšepe ≤0.1 ppm;
• Tekanyo ea oksijene ≤5 ppm

Kholo ea kristale e le 'Ngoe ea V. Czochralski

1. ‌Taolo ea ho Qhibiliha le Tokisetso ea Kristale ea Peo‌

• Kenya di-ingot tsa cadmium tse hlwekileng haholo ka hara di-crucible tsa quartz tse hlwekileng haholo, qhibilihisa tlasa argon ho 340-360°C. Sebedisa peo ya cadmium e nang le kristale e le nngwe e shebaneng le <100> (bophara ba 5-8 mm), e kentsweng pele ho 800°C ho fedisa kgatello ya ka hare.

1. ‌Liparamente tsa ho Hula tsa Crystal‌

• Lebelo la ho hula: 1.0-1.5 mm/min (mohato oa pele), 0.3-0.5 mm/min (kholo e tsitsitseng);
• Ho potoloha ha mollo ka sebopi: 5-10 rpm (ho potoloha ka ho hanyetsa);
• Phapang ea mocheso: 2-5°C/mm; Phapang ea mocheso oa sebopeho sa metsi a tiileng ≤±0.5°C

1. ‌Mekhoa e Phethahetseng ea ho Thibela Liphoso‌

• ‌Thuso ea Tšimo ea Magnetic‌: Sebelisa matla a makenete a axial a 0.2-0.5 T ho thibela moferefere o qhibilihang le ho fokotsa ho se hloeke;
• ‌Pholiso e LaoloangSekhahla sa ho phola ha kamora kgolo sa 10-20°C/h se fokotsa diphoso tsa ho falla tse bakwang ke kgatello ya mocheso.

VI. Taolo ea Kamora Ts'ebetso le Boleng

1. ‌Mechini ea kristale‌

• ‌Ho seha‌: Sebelisa lisakha tsa terata ea taemane ho li seha ka li-wafer tsa 0.5-1.0 mm ka lebelo la terata la 20-30 m/s;
• ‌Ho polisha‌: Ho bentša ka mechine ka lik'hemik'hale (CMP) ka motsoako oa nitric acid-ethanol (karolelano ea 1:5 vol.), ho fihlella ho rarahana ha bokaholimo ba Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ‌Maemo a Boleng‌

• ‌BohloekiGDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) e tiisa Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ‌Ho hanyetsa‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (bohloeki ≥99.9999%);
• ‌Tsela ea ho Ikamahanya le Crystallographic‌: Ho kheloha <0.5°; Bongata ba ho falla ha sebaka ≤10³/cm²

VII. Litaelo tsa Ntlafatso ea Ts'ebetso

1. ‌Ho Tlosoa ha Litšila Tse Reriloeng‌

• Sebelisa li-resin tsa phapanyetsano ea ion bakeng sa ho monya Cu, Fe, jj. ka khetho, hammoho le ho hloekisa libaka tse ngata ho fihlela bohloeki ba sehlopha sa 6N (99.9999%)

1. ‌Lintlafatso tsa Boiketsetso‌

• Li-algorithms tsa AI li fetola lebelo la ho hula, li-gradients tsa mocheso, jj., li eketsa chai ho tloha ho 85% ho isa ho 93%;
• Eketsa boholo ba sebopi ho fihlela ho lisenthimithara tse 36, ho nolofalletsa phepelo ea sehlopha se le seng ea 2800 kg, ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla ho 80 kWh/kg

1. ‌Botsitso le Pholiso ea Lisebelisoa‌

• Hlahisa litšila tsa ho hlatsoa asiti hape ka phapanyetsano ea li-ion (ho hlaphoheloa ha Cd ≥99.5%);
• Tšoara likhase tsa mosi ka ho li kenya ka har'a khabone e sebetsang + ho li hloekisa ka alkaline (ho hlaphoheloa ha mouoane oa Cd ≥98%)

Kakaretso

Ts'ebetso ea kholo le tlhoekiso ea kristale ea cadmium e kopanya hydrometallurgy, tlhoekiso ea 'mele ea mocheso o phahameng, le theknoloji ea kholo ea kristale e nepahetseng. Ka ho leaching ea asiti, ho hloekisa libaka, electrolysis, ho qhala ka vacuum, le kholo ea Czochralski—hammoho le boiketsetso le mekhoa e mosa tikolohong—e nolofalletsa tlhahiso e tsitsitseng ea likristale tse le 'ngoe tsa cadmium tse hloekileng tsa sehlopha sa 6N. Tsena li fihlela litlhoko tsa li-detector tsa nyutlelie, thepa ea photovoltaic, le lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tsa semiconductor. Tsoelo-pele ea nakong e tlang e tla shebana le kholo ea kristale e kholo, karohano ea litšila tse reretsoeng, le tlhahiso ea khabone e tlase.